Product Code:SAE AIR1083
Title:Airborne Hydraulic and Control System Survivability for Military Aircraft
Issuing Committee:A-6a2 Military Aircraft Committee
Scope: This SAE Aerospace Information Report (AIR) provides the hydraulic system designer with the various design options and techniques currently available to enhance the survivability of hydraulic systems. A comprehensive knowledge of the hostile environment to which the air vehicle will be exposed will form form the basis upon which the overall design philosophy is formulated. The designer should strive to achieve at the absolute minimum acceptable flying quality level to complete the operational mission for which the aircraft is designed; i.e., the aircraft can be controlled and the mission terminated safely, including landing. This AIR will attempt to address the following threats: a. typical small arms fire (5,56, 7.62, 12.7 and 14.5 mm AP); b. cannon (20, 30, and 40 mm API/HEI);c. NBC/EMI/EMP/beamed particle; and d. chemical/biological. Protection against missiles is beyond the scope of this AIR. Except for electronic counter-measures or evasive maneuvers, no practice technology exists which allows a hydraulic system to survive a direct hit by a missile or large caliber anti-aircraft projectile. The AIR addresses the following major topics: a. design concepts and architecture; b. Design implementation; c. Subsystem mechanization; and d. Component design. gy exists which allows a hydraulic system to survive a direct hit by a missile or large caliber anti-aircraft projectile. The AIR addresses the following major topics: a. design concepts and architecture; b. Design implementation; c. Subsystem mechanization; and d. Component design.【英文标准名称】:StandardTestMethodforElectricalPerformanceofPhotovoltaicCellsUsingReferenceCellsUnderSimulatedSunlight
【原文标准名称】:模拟太阳光下使用参比池的光电池电性能的标准试验方法
【标准号】:ASTME948-2009
【标准状态】:现行
【国别】:
【发布日期】:2009
【实施或试行日期】:
【发布单位】:美国材料与试验协会(US-ASTM)
【起草单位】:E44.09
【标准类型】:(TestMethod)
【标准水平】:()
【中文主题词】:电池;性能;光电;测试;电流测量-太阳装置;电气性能-太阳装置;光电(PV)能系统;太阳能收集器;太阳分光照度;电压
【英文主题词】:cell;performance;photovoltaic;testing;Currentmeasurement--solardevices;Electricalperformance--solardevices;Photovoltaic(PV)powersystems;Solarcollectors;Solarspectralirradiance;Voltage
【摘要】:Itistheintentofthistestmethodtoprovidearecognizedmethodfortestingandreportingtheelectricalperformanceofphotovoltaiccells.Thetestresultsmaybeusedforcomparisonofcellsamongagroupofsimilarcellsortocomparediversedesigns,suchasdifferentmanufacturers''products.Repeatedmeasurementsofthesamecellmaybeusedtostudychangesindeviceperformance.Thistestmethoddeterminestheelectricalperformanceofacellbasedupontheoutputpoweratasingleinstantoftime.Itdoesnotprovideforintegratingtheoutputpoweroveragivenperiodoftimeandconditionstopredictanenergyoutput.Thistestmethodrequiresareferencecellcalibratedwithrespecttoanappropriatereferencespectralirradiancedistribution,suchasTablesE490,orG173.Itistheresponsibilityoftheusertodeterminewhichreferencespectralirradiancedistributionisappropriateforaparticularapplication.1.1Thistestmethodcoversthedeterminationoftheelectricalperformanceofaphotovoltaiccellundersimulatedsunlightbymeansofacalibratedreferencecellprocedure.1.2Electricalperformancemeasurementsarereportedwithrespecttoaselectsetofstandardreportingconditions(SRC)(seeTable1)ortouser-specifiedconditions.1.2.1TheSRCoruser-specifiedconditionsincludethecelltemperature,thetotalirradiance,andthereferencespectralirradiancedistribution.1.3Thistestmethodisapplicableonlytophotovoltaiccellswithalinearresponseovertherangeofinterest.1.4Thecellparametersdeterminedbythistestmethodapplyonlyatthetimeoftest,andimplynopastorfutureperformancelevel.1.5ThevaluesstatedinSIunitsaretoberegardedasstandard.Nootherunitsofmeasurementareincludedinthisstandard.1.6Thisstandarddoesnotpurporttoaddressallofthesafetyconcerns,ifany,associatedwithitsuse.Itistheresponsibilityoftheuserofthisstandardtoestablishappropriatesafetyandhealthpracticesanddeterminetheapplicabilityofregulatorylimitationspriortouse.TABLE1StandardReportingConditionsReferenceSpectralIrradianceDistributionTotalIrradiance(Wmx2212;2)Temperature(x00B0;C)TablesG173DirectNormal
1000
25
TablesG173Hemispherical
1000
25
TablesE490
1366.1
25